Andes - The Worlds Longest Mountain Chain

The Andes are a chain of mountains that extends 4,300 miles along the west coast of South America and bisects seven countries—Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. The Andes are the longest chain of mountains in the world and include many of the highest peaks in the Western Hemisphere. Although the Andes is a long mountain chain, they are also narrow. Along their length, the east-to-west breadth of the Andes varies between about 120 and 430 miles wide. The climate throughout the Andes is highly variable and depends on latitude, altitude, topography, precipitation patterns, and proximity to the ocean. The Andes are divided into three regions—the northern Andes, the central Andes, and the southern Andes. Within each region, there is much variation in climate and habitats. The northern Andes of Venezuela and Colombia are warm and wet and include habitats such as tropical forests and cloud forests. The central Andes—which extend through Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia—experience more seasonal variation than the northern Andes and habitats in this region fluctuate between a dry season and a wet season. The southern Andes of Chile and Argentina are divided into two distinct zones—the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes. There are about 3,700 species of animals that live in the Andes including 600 species of mammals, 1,700 species of birds, 600 species of reptiles, and 400 species of fishes, and more than 200 species of amphibians. Key Characteristics The following are the key characteristics of the Andes: longest mountain chain in the worldincludes the Atacama desert, the driest desert in the worldincludes the Andean Plateau, the second-highest plateau in the worldlocated on the Pacific Ring of Fireincludes of the highest active volcano in the world, Ojos del Salado, which lies on the border of Argentina and Chilesupports a number of rare and endangered species including short-tailed chinchillas, Andean flamingos, Andean condors, spectacled bears, Junin rails, and Titicaca water frogs Animals of the Andes Some of the animals that inhabit the Andes include: Alapca (Vicugna pacos) - The alpaca is a domesticated species of even-toed hoofed mammal that belongs to the camel family. Alpacas are native to South American. They are kept in herds in the high altitude plateaus in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and northern Chile. Alpacas are grazers that feed on hay and grasses.Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) - The Andean condor is found throughout the Andes, although it is far less common in the mountain ranges of Venezuela and Columbia. Andean Condors inhabit grasslands and alpine habitats up to 16,000 feet. It prefers open habitats where it can locate carrion as it soars above.Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla) - The short-tailed chinchilla is one of just two species of chinchillas alive today, the other being the long-tailed chinchilla. Short-tailed chinchillas are an endangered species of rodent that once inhabited areas of the central and southern Andes. The species was heavily exploited for its fur and as a result their numbers declin ed drastically. Short-tailed chinchillas are currently classified as critically endangered on the IUCN RedList.Andean mountain cat (Leopardus jacobita) - The Andean mountain cat is a small cat that inhabits high montane regions of the central Andes. The Andean mountain cat is rare, with less than 2,500 individuals remaining in the wild.Titicaca water frog (Telmatobius culeus) - The Titicaca water frog is a critically endangered frog that is endemic to Lake Titicaca. Titicaca water frogs were once common but have declined due to hunting, pollution, and predation  by trout that have been introduced to the lake.Andean goose (Chloephaga melanoptera) - The Andean goose is a large sheldgoose with black and white plumage, a pink bill, and orange legs and feet. The Andean goose inhabits elevations of the Andes above 9,800 feet in Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile.Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) - The spectacled bear is South Americas only native species of bear. It inhabits foreste d areas of the Andes mountain range including Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru. Spectacled bears have black fur, keen eyesight, and distinctive golden-colored rings of fur framing their eyes.

Courage Under Fire Essay - 1956 Words

Courage Under Fire In 1991, millions of people tuned in to CNN to observe a real life and death drama played out in the cities and deserts of Iraq. For the United States, the war was more or less a display of power and a preservation of economic interest. Nobody was to ever hear of the mishaps and foul-ups of the war. In many eyes the war was seen as a chance to boost American spirit and make the government look empowered. Director Edward Zwick and writer Patrick Shane Duncan snatched onto this notion and expounded on it in their movie Courage Under Fire. Through its superb acting, successful plot, structure, and filming perfection, the movie becomes a powerful and brilliant examination of the consequences of guilt and†¦show more content†¦All that the government wants is a media showing. For them, the president handing the Medal of Honor to the Captains daughter, wouldnt leave a dry eye in the place.; Serling knows that this is all for show and commits himself to finding out the truth. I real ly loved this part of the movie. Zwick does such a great job of making the Government look pathetic by showing some of its underlying intentions in this war. This is what brings us away from the normality of most war films and places this movie into its own little subcategory. The movie was meant to be different and it succeeded in that endeavor. It really was one of the strengths of this film. Instead of conducting a cursory investigation, Lieutenant Serling finds himself unavoidably drawn into Waldens crews conflicting stories. Each crew member seems to give a different interpretation regarding the events that took place during the rescue mission that lead to the captains death. Serling begins to suspect a cover up and decides that he must delve deeper into this investigation. Throughout the movie, we learn of Waldens heroism from numerous flashbacks of the same incident. Crewmembers including Monfriez (Lou Diamond Phillips) and Illario (Matt Damon), each give conflicting details in their reports. The flashbacks each depict Walden differently and we, as the viewers, are supposed to figure out who the real Captain Walden is. The film turns into a fascinating mystery mixed with theShow MoreRelatedCourage Definition Of Courage1563 Words   |  7 PagesCourage is a cornerstone of wartime leadership. Throughout history, Courage has been the defining virtue of the warrior and for good cause. Warriors face frightening and dangerous situations; and the wartime leader must lead these warriors from the front by displaying the courage they expect to see in their men. Without courage, a leader cannot lead from the front nor do the right thing during unfavorable times. 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Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, Daniel Ellsberg,...

Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, Daniel Ellsberg, and the Vietnam War Daniel Ellsberg once believed in the need to contain Communism, in America’s military supremacy, and in the sanctity of those who governed America’s democratic institutions, yet decades of American involvement in Vietnam changed these beliefs for him. The nature of the Vietnam War forced Ellsberg to revise his earlier faith in America’s ability to win any war and his faith in the trustworthiness of America’s leaders. By 1971, this former Defense Department official had so completely altered his thinking that he leaked classified documents to the press in order to encourage public scrutiny of American foreign policy decisions in Vietnam and of the integrity of†¦show more content†¦Like most people who came of age in the mid-40’s and 50’s, his perceptions of his country and its role in the world were profoundly shaped by World War II and by the resulting Cold War against Communism (Schrag 30-31). The 50’s and early 60’s w ere an â€Å"age of consensus† when the American experience of World War II and the Cold War had so shaped American cultural assumptions that the country, on the whole, became â€Å"confident to the verge of complacency about the perfectibility of American society [and] anxious to the point of paranoia about the threat of Communism† (Hodgson 98, 104). Most Americans during this time of â€Å"liberal consensus† agreed that Communism threatened cherished democratic institutions and American capitalism. They thus believed that fighting Communism was necessary, and with the victories of World War II still fresh in their minds, they were sure that their nation was strong enough to fight Communism and win. â€Å"Few of them doubted the essential goodness and strength of American society† (Hodgson 98) or the goodness and strength of the government officials that led them toward their goal of containing Communism. In America’s Longest War: the United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, George C. Herring explains how this widely perceived need to contain Communism formed the basis of American foreign policy in Vietnam for over two decades (xi). Herring argues that even though various administrations cameShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien2000 Words   |  8 PagesDisorder, destruction, and death became the description for the Vietnam War. This war affected the soldiers more than any other war, even before they would ever go. As American soldiers left to fight the disorderly and deathly war, Americans were going through one of the most confusing time periods in American history: families being split by the draft, the fear of the communist domino theory, and the search for a new soldier to find oneself in the midst of all the chaos. The invention of the television

Water and Energy Sustainability for Australia -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWater and Energy Sustainability for Australia and India. Answer: Introduction Modern society is highly depends on the electricity as its primary energy source. However the shortage of energy is getting increased everyday and the climate change is affecting it greatly (Hagens 2015). As responsible human beings it is high time to embrace sustainable and renewable energy. Most Governments are lacking effective energy options which can ensure a better future for modern civilization. The Governments would take many initiatives from developing items that are energy sensitive or promoting solar panels. In the following sections the report will discuss the energy and water sustainability in Australia and India. The actions of various governmental organizations, research or innovations, government regulations will be explored in order to compare and contrast the energy and water sustainability between both chosen countries. Scenario of Water Sustainability in Australia Australia is struggling greatly to achieve water sustainability. The mainland of country is highly populated and one of the driest in the world (Bird, OGrady and Ulm 2016). Australian water sources have to be maintained and controlled with high importance. The fresh water is excessively used by the large population so even though it is renewable source the water scarcity might occur in near future if the sustainability is not considered. The environmental factors are working negatively for Australia; the dry land is highly dry already and above that the global warming is deteriorating the situation (Kiem and Austin 2013). Scenario of Energy Sustainability in Australia The solar energy source is getting popularity in the Australian households as a source of sustainable energy sources. The agency is developing a program where in 50 units in Gum Valley of Perth will install solar energy (Diss 2015). In the sugarcane industry of Australia the sugar cane waste is used to produce adequate biogas resources like the Sunshine Sugar Factories have demonstrated (Berrill 2016). The Australian government is including innovation and science in their National agenda that could ensure a great shift from the over-dependency on natural gas based electricity to renewable energy based electricity. The wind power has become a great producer of energy for Australia with 63000 megawatt energy production in 2015 (Teske et al. 2016). Contribution of Governmental and non Governmental organizations The laws like Water Resource Act 2007, Product Stewardship Act 2011 are certain laws that work to maintain the sustainability of water and energy resources of Australia. The Australian governments Department of the Environment and energy regularly publish monitors, reports and updates the natural resource protection acts. Many non-governmental organizations have been taking many initiatives to ensure the sustainability of the energy sector of Australia but money is causing great resistance in the development programs like Arena lost 1.3 billion fund in 2016 (Kane 2016). Examples in Energy and Water Sustainability in Australia In 2002 the Australian property industry realized the need for energy sustainability in the country and established the GBCA or Green Building Council of Australia. The council is dedicated to encourage the building industry to adopt green building processes and develop a sustainable industry. Since its inception more than 800 governmental and nongovernmental organizations related to building industry have become its members. In the next year the board started a tool of Green Star Environmental Rating that gives green certificates to the suitable developments projects in Australia (King 2017). The project has also spread its wings to Asia and India act as one of their active partners. In the regulatory framework the countries are undertaking various training, project demonstration and employee exchange. Melbournes The Gauge has proved to be an effective example of sustainable practice in Australia. 92% of water is recycled by the black water treatment plant of the Gauge (Mitchell et al. 2013). The co generation system based on gas provides the basic electricity of the building. During the winter months the preheating of the water and the air supply is controlled by waste heat. Scenario of Water sustainability in India India is a large country with 17% population of the world but only covers 2.6% of worlds water resource area and only 4% of the renewable resources of water (Cosgrove and Rijsberman 2014). A large section of the countrys economy is controlled by agriculture and for that huge consumption of water daily takes place. Apart from that the large amount of consumption of water happens for domestic and industrial purposes. Also because of the geographical diversity the water resources imbalance is present all over the country. The Ministry of Water Resources has established many rules and regulations to maintain the sustainability of the water resource of the country (Saleth 2016). The ministry has adopted National Water Policy in 1987 and announces that water is the most significant natural resource and national asset. Scenario of Energy sustainability in India India is struggling to meet the energy demand of the nation as maximum of the petroleum resources are imported from foreign countries. However India holds just 0.7% of proven oils preservation of the world (Ahmad 2014). The country is in the 6th position in the energy consumer list and in the 11th position in the energy producing. With the petroleum, natural gas and oil the country holds the 6th position in the greatest electricity producing countries in the world but the electricity consumption has increased in alarming amount. The National Energy Policy is working to ensure the advancement of sustainability and efficiency of energy production and consumption. The Indian Parliament has passed the Energy Conservation act in 2001 that develops the codes and norms related to energy consumption in India and the Bureau of Indian Energy Efficiency implements such plans effectively (Fankhauser, Gennaioli and Collins 2015). Contribution of Governmental and non Governmental organizations Indian government has passed various laws that ensure the protection of water and energy sustainability like The Prevention and Control of Pollution of Water Act of 1974 and Environment Protection Act of 1986. The Indian government had set a department dedicated to non conventional sources of energy and in 1992 they transformed it to MNRE or the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (Khana and Barroso 2014). This department is responsible for planning, promoting and making policies related to all renewable energy sources. India has also highest amount bio mass energy available in the rural areas and it is getting more popular. These subsidiary organizations like NHEC, NPCIL, REC and THDC take care of the renewable and sustainable energy sources in India. Examples in Energy and Water Sustainability In India India has undertaken a National Solar Mission that will ensure the renewable and sustainable energy source for the country in the future and resolve the energy scarcity issues. In the solar mission program is planned to produce 20000 megawatt solar electricity by 2020 (Quitzow 2015). The initial phase is successfully being developed which ensures production 1000 megawatt with the amount of more than 4000 crores spent by the Indian government. The country is also undertaking various targets of sustainable habitats through initiatives like sustainable transports, waste management, buildings and habitats. The Indian government is also developing a water mission that will integrate the water resource management and aims to increase the efficiency of water use by 20%. In order to fulfill the mission the government is spending a lot of money. Australia Vs India 40 % of worlds energy and 12 % of the worlds water is consumed by the building sector and creating a lot of waste as well. However effective use of the global building sector is potential to contribute in solving the energy problems. The eco construction offers one practical solution of the problem and is potential for economic progress for both the countries. It is true that Australias contribution to the world energy consumption is higher than a developing country like India. As a developed country Australias initiatives towards a sustainable energy cannot be equal with India. Australia and India both are active member of the Kyoto Protocol (Halkos and Tzeremes 2014). Indias contribution to the global emission is 5% where Australia contributes 1.3% to the global emission. However when the per capita emission is compared the India holds around 2 tonnes and Australia around 18 tonnes. The United Nations has proposed to change the MDGs or the Millennium Development Goals with SDGs wit h Sustainable Development Goals (Griggs et al. 2013). Australia agreed with it but India did not as they believe the target should not be applied for the developing countries and those are more suitable for the developed countries. Conclusion Various alternative energy resources like water, biomass, natural gas and waste have opened up new possibilities to sustain both the nations electricity problems. Being a dry and sunny country Australia could focus more on the solar and wind energy where India could focus more on biogas and solar energy resources. These will help the nations with less water consumption, more availability of energy and greater efficiency. In both the nations the governments have realize the importance of energy sustainability for the future, therefore they have implemented various policies and legislations to protect it. The citizens have been demonstrating conscious participation in renewable energy sources that is significantly helpful for achieving the desired energy sustainability. Reference Ahmad, B.M., 2014. America and Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) Gas Pipeline.African Journal of Political Science and International Relations,8(8), pp.260-265. Berrill, T., 2016. The Renewable Energy Revolution Real Climate Action in the Sunshine State. Bird, M.I., OGrady, D. and Ulm, S., 2016. Humans, water, and the colonization of Australia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,113(41), pp.11477-11482. Cosgrove, W.J. and Rijsberman, F.R., 2014.World water vision: making water everybody's business. Routledge. Diss, K. (2015).Green energy in White Gum Valley 'an Australian first'. [online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-17/green-energy-for-new-white-gum-valley-residents/6553896 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2017]. Fankhauser, S., Gennaioli, C. and Collins, M., 2015. The political economy of passing climate change legislation: Evidence from a survey.Global Environmental Change,35, pp.52-61. Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstrm, J., hman, M.C., Shyamsundar, P., Steffen, W., Glaser, G., Kanie, N. and Noble, I., 2013. Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet.Nature,495(7441), pp.305-307. Hagens, N.J., 2015. Energy, Credit, and the End of Growth. InState of the World 2015(pp. 21-35). Island Press/Center for Resource Economics. Halkos, G.E. and Tzeremes, N.G., 2014. Measuring the effect of Kyoto protocol agreement on countries environmental efficiency in CO2 emissions: an application of conditional full frontiers.Journal of Productivity Analysis,41(3), pp.367-382. Kane, A. (2016).Four visionary renewable energy projects that could pay off for Australia. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/jun/02/four-visionary-renewable-energy-projects-that-could-pay-off-for-australia [Accessed 9 Oct. 2017]. Khana, A. and Barroso, L., 2014. Promoting Renewable Energy through Auctions: The Case of India. Kiem, A.S. and Austin, E.K., 2013. Drought and the future of rural communities: opportunities and challenges for climate change adaptation in regional Victoria, Australia.Global Environmental Change,23(5), pp.1307-1316. King, A., 2017. All's well in green buildings.Building Connection, (Winter 2017), p.38. Mitchell, C., Chong, J., Turner, A., Retamal, M., Carrard, N., Murta, J., Mukheibir, P. and Moy, C., 2013. Darling Quarter Case Study: Successful sewage recycling within a high profile commercial building. Quitzow, R., 2015. Assessing policy strategies for the promotion of environmental technologies: A review of India's National Solar Mission.Research Policy,44(1), pp.233-243. Saleth, R.M., 2016. Water rights and entitlements in India. InIndian water policy at the crossroads: Resources, technology and reforms(pp. 179-207). Springer International Publishing. Teske, S., Dominish, E., Ison, N. and Maras, K., 2016. Renewable Energy for AustraliaDecarbonising Australias Energy Sector within one Generation.